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Historia del presente
EUROCOMUNISMO
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RESÚMENES y abstracts

La vía italiana al eurocomunismo. Una reflexión sobre PCI y cultura de gobierno

Uno de los aspectos más importantes de la política del Partido Comunista Italiano (PCI) en los años setenta fue el reajuste de su relación con Europa. De todos modos, este proceso estuvo marcado por ambivalencias y situaciones no resueltas. La Europa del PCI se basó en una lectura marcadamente antiestadounidense y anti-capitalista de las transformaciones experimentadas –desde los primeros setenta– por la economía mundial y las relaciones transatlánticas. Su objetivo era establecer una radical «ideología de reemplazo» que sustituyera el tradicional anclaje cultural a las políticas de la Unión Soviética, en franco declive. Además, esta lectura de Europa evidenciaba la ajenidad del PCI de las cuestiones relacionadas con la redefinición de las reglas del juego económico y político de Europa en el escenario abierto por el colapso del sistema de Bretton Woods. En esta situación se desarrolló una estrategia «autárquica» de expansión de la influencia social y política del PCI a través del aumento del gasto público y la eliminación del «vínculo externo» del país con una comunidad supranacional comprometida en la construcción de una nueva vía común que fuera capaz de hacer frente a la globalización y a la crisis de los lazos tradicionales entre Europa y EE. UU.

Palabras clave: Eurocomunismo, PCI, compromiso histórico, Berlinguer.

The italian road to eurocommunism. A reflection on PCI and culture of government

One of the most important aspects of the policy of the Communist Italian Party in the Seventies was the realignment of the relationship with Europe. Anyway this process was marked by ambivalence and situations unresolved. Pci’s Europe solicited a key reading markedly anti-American and anti-capitalist of the transformations that –since the early 1970s– invested the global economy and transatlantic relations. It was aimed to set up a radical «ideology of replacement» of declining cultural anchorage to the Soviet Union politics. Furthermore it was meant to be the assumption of the extraneousness of the Pci from issues related to the redefinition of economic and political rules of the Europe in the scenario in force as of the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. Such situation would finally be seen as a fully «autarchical» strategy of expansion of social and political influence of the Pci through increase of public expenditure and removal of «external link», considering that the country was integrated into a supranational community engaged in building a new common pathway studded by globalization and crisis of traditional ties between Europe and United States.

Key words: Eurocommunism, Italian Communist Party, Historic Compromise, Berlinguer.

El Partido Comunista Francés frente al eurocomunismo: un partido en la encrucijada

A pesar de las ambigüedades, en el concepto de eurocomunismo reside una cuestión importante: el PCF toma distancia de la Unión Soviética. Mediante la utilización de las grabaciones de las sesiones del Comité Central del PCF, este artículo divide el período eurocomunista en dos partes. Desde 1973 hasta 1975, los dirigentes del PCF esperaron que unas iniciativas limitadas y simbólicas podían mejorar la imagen del partido sin contrariar el poder soviético. Los líderes franceses, debido a su cultura política comunista, no querían una ruptura con la Unión Soviética. Antes, ellos habían siempre creído que la realidad de la vida soviética había mejorado de manera constante, en términos del nivel de vida e incluso en términos de libertad. A partir de 1976, sin embargo, los críticos de la URSS aumentaron y se hicieron más fuertes, y en 1977 la ruptura entre las dos partes parecía ser una posibilidad real.

Palabras clave: Eurocomunismo, PCF, PCUS, disidentes soviéticos.

The French Communist Party at the time of Eurocommunism: a party at the crossroads

Behind the ambiguities, an important issue resides in the concept of Eurocommunism: the FCP distancing itself from the Soviet Union. By using the recordings from the sessions of the FCP Central Committee, this article divides the period in two. From 1973 to 1975, the leaders of the FCP hoped that some symbolic and limited initiatives could improve the image of the Party without displeasing the Soviet power. Also, particularly owing to their communist political culture, the French leaders did not want a clash with the Soviet Union. The formers were always thinking that the reality of Soviet life steadily improved, in terms of living standards and even in terms of freedom. From 1976 onwards, however, the critics of the USSR increased and became stronger, and in 1977 the breakdown between the two parties seemed to be a real possibility.

Keywords: Eurocommunism, French Communist Party, Communist Party of Soviet Union, soviet dissidents.

Un partido en busca de identidad. La difícil trayectoria del eurocomunismo español (1975-1982)

En este artículo se analiza el proyecto eurocomunista desarrollado por el partido comunista español (pce) durante los años setenta. la dirección del pce intentó desarrollar un nuevo modelo de comunismo compatible con los valores del pluralismo y la libertad, pero tropezó con muchas dificultades. Durante los años de clandestinidad y exilio, en el pce habían tomado forma modelos ideológicos y organizativos heterogéneos que se basaban en culturas políticas antagónicas; el fracaso para lograr una síntesis se hizo evidente después de la legalización, y más aún después del cierre de la etapa de consenso, que determinó el declive  del eurocomunismo español.

Palabras clave: Eurocomunismo, PCE, Transición, Antifranquismo.

A party in search of identity. The difficult path of the spanish eurocommunism (1975-1982)

This article analyzes the eurocommunist project developed by the Spanish Communist Party (PCE) during the seventies. The PCE’s leadership attempted to develop a new model of communism compatible with the values of pluralism and freedom, but it faced with many difficulties. During the decades of secrecy and exile within the PCE had taken shape heterogeneous ideological and organizational models that were based on different and antagonistic political cultures. The failure to achieve a synthesis, that was became evident after the legalization and even more after the closure of the stage of consensus, determined the decline of the spanish eurocommunism.

Keywords: Eurocommunism, PCE, Transition, Antifrancoism.

La lealtad al líder. El plebiscito de 1988 y la derecha en la transición democrática chilena

El proceso de transición a la democracia en Chile se caracteriza por su gradualidad y por el acomodo de los actores políticos a la coyuntura, marcado por el triunfo de la tesis de «democracia pactada». Esto, sin embargo, no invalida la diversidad de los campos partidarios, como por ejemplo en el caso de la derecha política. El presente artículo aborda el comportamiento de las principales organizaciones partidarias de la derecha chilena, Renovación Nacional (RN) y la Unión Demócrata Independiente (UDI). El trabajo aborda sus diversidades y estrategias, en un marco político de profundos cambios institucionales, decisivos para comprender el período posterior a 1990.

Palabras clave: Transición-derecha-democracia-partidos políticos-Chile-historia reciente.

The loyalty al líder. El plebiscite of 1988 and it derecha en la Chilean democratic transitions

The process of transition to democracy in Chile is characterized by gradualism and accommodation of the political actors to the situation, marked by the triumph of the thesis of «pacted democracy». This, however, does not invalidate the diversity of fields such as supporters of the political right. This article discusses the behavior of party organizations of the Chilean right in this case the Renovación Nacional (RN) and the Unión Demócrata Independiente (UDI). The work deals with their differences and strategies, in a political framework for institutional changes, critical for understanding the period after 1990.

Keywords: Transition-right-democracy-political parties-Chile-recent history.

Topos rojos: un retrato de los comunistas portugueses en la lucha contra el Estado Novo a través de sus memorias

El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir a establecer una caracterización de los comunistas y otros militantes que lucharon contra el régimen del Estado Novo portugués y la dictadura militar que inmediatamente lo precedió (1926-1974), que han durado lo suficiente para ocupar y marcar la mayor parte de sus vidas. ¿Quiénes eran, cómo se hicieron militantes, en qué se convirtieron? Las memorias analizadas son en su mayoría de personas que, al menos por un tiempo, militaron en el Partido Comunista Portugués (PCP) (veintiuna), y como contrapunto, que fueron alejadas o se alejaron de este partido y luego escribieron sus memorias posteriormente a este hecho (Cândida Ventura, Edmundo Pedro, Francisco Ferreira, Francisco Martins Rodrigues, Silva Marques, Mário Soares, Raimundo Narciso, Rui Perdigão, Zita Seabra), de otros personajes –libertarios, socialistas o simplemente opositores al régimen– que nunca (o sólo esporádicamente, como César Oliveira) fueron miembros del partido.

Palabras Clave: Memorias, comunistas, educación, trabajo, clandestinidad, sectarismo

Red Moles: a portrait of the Portuguese communists in the struggle against the New State through their memories

This paper draws on the memories of communists, libertarians, socialists or simple opponents to the regime of Military Dictatorship and the Portuguese Estado Novo (1926-1974), to help establish a characterization of these people, and particularly the communists – who were they, how did they become militants, what did they become?

From the elements that could be used for this analysis, we’ve chosen –according to a hierarchy of priorities and to limit the size of the study– the role of education in political activism, work, clandestinity, repression and the evidence of what we call ‘the dark side of an elite group of brave people ‘: the extreme sectarianism of the Communists in relation to their comrades who leave or are separated from the party and those who claim to belong to the same social and political field (the working classes and their organizations), which seemed to contrast with a ‘constructive’ attitude towards other sectors of the opposition to Salazar and with the attitudes of elements with other political affiliations.

Keywords: Memories, communists, education, work, clandestinity, sectarianism

La Unión Sindical Obrera (USO): del nacimiento del Nuevo Movimiento Obrero durante el franquismo a la búsqueda de espacios sindicales en la Transición

En las últimas fases del franquismo coexistían en el espacio sindical socialista español dos formaciones diferentes: la histórica Unión General de Trabajadores y la Unión Sindical Obrera. Con la llegada de la democracia, diversos factores convirtieron a la UGT en el sindicato mayoritario en la órbita socialista, lo que llevó a una parte de USO a asumir un proceso de fusión con UGT, considerado como escisión por los militantes que continuaron con el proyecto de USO. El artículo indaga en el papel de USO en el espacio socialista desde su nacimiento como sindicato autónomo –sin vinculación con partidos políticos– y de tendencia cristiana, hasta los años de la Transición española, en los que la dual respuesta estratégica propició la ruptura de 1977.

Palabras clave: Fusión USO-UGT, Unión Sindical Obrera (USO), Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), Sindicalismo socialista, Sindicalismo cristiano, Tardofranquismo, Transición.

Unión Sindical Obrera (USO): From the beginning of the new workers movement during Franco regime to the search of worker unions place within the Transition

In the late stages of Franco’s regime two different organizations shared the Spanish socialist labor union field: the historic Unión General de Trabajadores (Workers General union) and Unión Sindical Obrera (Labor Union). With the democracy’s arrival, several reasons provided UGT with the biggest representation within the socialist scene, which led a faction of USO to end up merging with UGT. This was seen as a split by the members who remained in USO. The paper analyzes USO’s role within the socialist field since its origins as an independent labor union –with no links to any politic party–, of Christian inspiration, to the time of Spanish transition, in which the double approach led to the split in 1977.

Keywords: USO-UGT merge, Labor Union, Workers General Union, Socialist unionism, Christian unionism, Late years of Franco regime, Transition.

El regreso forzado y la persecución contra los exiliados en Francia

En este artículo se analiza la represión de Estado, policial y oficiosa del régimen franquista contra los exiliados republicanos en Francia que tuvo lugar durante tres guerras (la Guerra Civil española, la Segunda Guerra Mundial y la Guerra Fría). Las estrategias y pactos diplomáticos marcaron unas políticas policiales oscuras que afectaron a la vida de miles de refugiados. La represión fue política y este trabajo analiza la continuidad represiva derivada de una guerra civil hasta las operaciones de «caza de brujas» contra los comunistas españoles en Francia en 1950. La investigación se basa sobre fuentes documentales originales –fuentes primarias– de los archivos de Francia y España –ministeriales, policiales y militares–. La persecución y represión de exiliados republicanos vivió todo tipo de casuísticas y afectó desde los altos cargos hasta los más humildes deportados y exterminados. En todo este proceso los Estados español y francés fueron juez y parte y las diferentes expectativas diplomáticas y geoestratégicas marcaron el mundo del exilio.

Palabras Clave: Exilio, represión, franquismo, diplomacia, colaboración policial, repatriaciones, extradiciones, Guerra Fría, Guerra Civil, Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Forced Return Persecution and Exile in France

This article comes from a research project that analyses the State, police and unofficial repression of exiles of the Second Spanish Republic in France. This continuous repression from the Civil War to the «witch hunt» operation in France in 1950 (during three wars: the Spanish Civil War, the Second World War and the Cold War). The persecution and repression of republican exiles affected everyone from senior officials to the most humble exiles who were deported and exterminated. The Spanish and French States played their part in the entire process and the different diplomatic and geostrategic expectations. The work with the primary sources enables us to see that these repressive policies insight into the Franco’s Regime’s hard, fanatical and obsessed «extraterritorial repression» of the republican exile.

Keywords: Exile, represión, Franco, diplomacy, collaboration police, repatriation, extradiciones, Cold War, Civil War, World War II

LA OFICINA DE PROPAGANDA CATÓLICA DE PARÍS. PROPAGANDA CRISTIANA ANTIFASCISTA PARA LA II REPÚBLICA DURANTE LA GUERRA CIVIL ESPAÑOLA (1936-1939)

En el transcurso de la Guerra Civil española (1936-1939) ambos bandos en lucha pusieron en marcha sus maquinarias propagandísticas para atraerse el favor de la opinión pública internacional. Trataban de este modo de concitar aliados que les facilitaran apoyo bélico y logístico en los frentes.

Entre las múltiples estrategias que puso en marcha el gobierno de la II República para lograr el soporte de las potencias aliadas, una fue la de presentarse como un régimen religiosamente tolerante. Pretendía así contrarrestar las noticias sobre los ataques anticlericales en su territorio. Establecía para ello una Oficina de Propaganda Católica en París, dirigida por el sacerdote José Manuel Gallegos Rocafull, que estudiamos aquí.

Palabras clave: Propaganda, Religión, Guerra Civil, José Manuel Gallegos Rocafull, Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo, Juan Vicens de la Llave, sacerdotes antifranquistas.

THE OFFICE FOR CATHOLIC PROPAGANDA OF PARIS. CHRISTIAN ANTI-FASCIST PROPAGANDA FOR THE SECOND SPANISH REPUBLIC DURING THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR (1936-1939)

During the course of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) both sides launched their propaganda machinery to garner the favor of international public opinion. They tried to attract allies to bolster military and logistical support on the fronts. Among the multiple strategies launched by the Government of the second Spanish Republic to achieve the support of the allied countries, one of them was to present themselves as a religiously tolerant regime. To counter the news of anti-clerical attacks on its territory, they established an Office for Catholic Propaganda in Paris, led by the priest José Manuel Gallegos Rocafull, which we study here.

Keywords: Propaganda, Spanish Civil War, José Manuel Gallegos Rocafull, Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo, Juan Vicens de la Llave, Antifranquists priests.

 

 
El sueño americano
There are no translations available.


 
Terrorism in democratic Spain. Juan Avilés (ed.)
Historia_del_presente_14 Terrorism in democratic Spain. Juan Avilés (ed.)

INTRODUCTION
Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, terrorist violence in the Spanish transition to democracy
Xavier Casals Meseguer, Was there a "strategy of tension" in Spain Lorenzo Mora Castro, revolutionary terrorism in Spain
Juan Avila, the 11-M and the global jihadist movement

EGOHISTORIA
Alvaro Soto, History always: Talking with Miguel Artola. THIS PAST Interview
Joseph M. Faraldo, occupier and occupied. The memory of World War II
Central and Eastern Europe
Miscellany
Archilés Ferran, the "forgetting" of Spain. Left and Spanish nationalism in democratic transition: the case of PCE
Stefanie Schüler-Springorum, The Myth of Guernica: projection, propaganda, politics 123
Emanuele Treglia, Strikes May 1962 in light of the Italian political press 137
Rodrigo Araya, Gomez said the bread and freedom. The position of Commissions
Workers at the Moncloa Pact

READING
Enrique AlejandreTorija, the labor movement in Guadalajara (1868-193 9),
by Felix Hernandez Alejandro Quiroga, The Origins of National Catholicism. José Pemartín and Dictatorship
Primo de Rivera, Daniel Damian A. Lanero Táboas Gonzalez Madrid, the men of the dictatorship. Francoist political staff
Castilla-La Mancha, 1939-1945, by Miguel Angel Blanco Arco Bernhard H. Bayerlein, Der Verrat, Stalin, bist Du! Vom Ende der linken Solidarität. Sowjetunion,
Kommunistische und Parteien im Comintern Zweite Weltkrieg 1939-1941, by Joseph M Faraldo Jordi Gracia, Life Ridruejo rescued and Dionisio Dionisio Ridruejo, written in Spain
by Felipe Nieto Xavier Domènech, working class, anti-Franco and political change. Big little changes
1956-1969, by Rafael Cruz Oscar Martín García, A fumbled with democracy. Mobilization, and changes in attitudes
Albacete province, 1966-1977, by Emilia Contreras Alfonso Martos Bottiy Massimiliano Guderzo (ed.), L'ultimo franchismo, repression and Premessa work per the
transizione (1968-1975), by Julian Sanz Hoya
Quirosa-Cheyrouzey Rafael Muñoz (ed.), History of the Transition in Spain:
the beginning of the democratization process, by Oscar J. Martín García 181
Pere Montserrat Angueray DuchPlana, Governments of the Generalitat. Macià Maragall,
by Joan Maria Thomàs

 
The End of the Civil War. Juan Bautista Vilar and Abdon Mateos (eds.)

  • Historia_del_presente_12 The end of the Civil War. Juan Bautista Vilar and Abdon Mateos (eds.)
  • FILE
Introduction: The end of the Civil War
Francesc Vilanova: the collapse. The last days of the Republic in Catalonia (February 1939)
Juan Bautista Vilar: The Spanish exile in 1939 in North Africa
Lidia Bocanegra Fallow: Argentina in the war in Spain

EGOHISTORIA
Ana Martínez Rus: a walk through life and history. The personal and professional career of Antonio Elorza
past from present
Alvaro Soto Carmona, Iván Colorado, and Roman Landaeta Javier Errazuriz: Transition to democracy in Chile and human rights: a review of the Rettig Report

MISCELLANEOUS
María Fernández Moya: Spanish Publishers on both sides of the Atlantic: the publishing industry and publishing Republican in Franco's Spain
José Antonio Pérez Pérez and Carlos Herreros Butcher: The radicalization of
political violence during the Transition in the Basque Country. Years of Lead
Ruben Vega, Democrats have occurred and reasons of state. Transition from power
Pau Casanellas Peñalver: Last clawing the Franco regime: the decree-law on the prevention
of terrorism in August 1975

READING
Antonio Herrera González de Molina: The construction of democracy in the country.
Socialist agricultural trade unionism in the Spanish Transition, by Oscar J. Martín García 173
julián diamond: my memories of the Spanish civil war. memories
by Luis Fernández Otero
Hugo Garcia: Lies necessary: ​​the battle for British public opinion during the Civil War
by Juan Aviles
Leandro Alvarez Rey (ed.): Diego Martinez Barrio. Word of Republican
by Angel Duarte
Carme Molinero and Pere Ysas: Anatomy of Franco. From Survival to agony
1945-1977, by Angeles Gonzalez
July Prada Rodríguez. Republican agitation of Franco's repression
by Antonio Miguez Macho
AUTHORS
SUMMARY AND ABSTRACTS

 
Perspectives on Spain, Enrique Moradiellos (ed.)

Historia_11 Perspectives on Spain, Enrique Moradiellos (ed.)

Record. Spain: the view from the outside. Moradiellos Enrique (ed.)
Background: Spain: The view from outside
Olga Novikova, Visions of Spain in the Soviet Union during the Spanish Civil War
Enrique Moradiellos, Another Country. The images on Spain in Britain
during the Spanish Civil War
Manuel Loff, Spain on the Portuguese look: Illusion, tragedy and terror
Encarnación Lemus, USA and the image of the Spanish situation on the eve
of the political transition

Miscellany
Luis C. Hernando, Finding the militant. Considerations on the effect
tradition in politics of the PSOE, 1954-1958
Antonio Miguez and Fernando Molina, and Mondragon Arizmendiarrieta:
Cooperative Christian social movement during the Franco (1941-1959)
José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez, The role of families in the negotiations for the release
prisoners of the Spanish Division of Volunteers in the USSR

Reading
José Babiano (ed.), From the home to the strike. Work, gender and labor movement
during the Franco Regime Fesefeld Henrike
Michael Burleigh, Sacred Causes. Religion and Politics in Early Europe
World War Islamist terrorism, by Luisa Marco Sala
Juan Avilés and Angel Herrerín (eds.), The Birth of terrorism in the West.
Anarchy, nihilism and revolutionary violence, by Hugo Garcia
Rosario Ruiz Franco, "Eternal minors? Women in the Franco regime
by Sofía López Rodríguez
Francisco Sevillano Calero, Reds. The representation of the enemy in the Civil War
by José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez
José Antonio Ferrer Benimeli, heads of government Masons. Spain 1868-1936,
by José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez
Ramón García Piñeiro, Fuga. Ladreda and the guerrillas in Asturias (1937-1947), by
Serrano Secundino
Walther L. Bernecker and Sören Brinkmann, Kampf der Erinnerungen. Der Spanische
Gesellschaft und Politik Bürgerkrieg in 1936-2006, and Antolin Sanchez Cuervo
Carmen Miller (ed.), The Transition, thirty years later, Encarna Lemus

 
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